On the attached picture from December 25, 2020, there are two hosts of acar review show. One already had COVID-19 and the other didn't. Which one had and which one didn't?

COVID-19: learn to avoid infections.

Vaccination with dubious “vaccines”, “natural immunity”, i.e., past infections with SARS-CoV2 variants or with other pathogens, years of lockdowns, and excessive masking do not stop epidemics. Literacy does. Learn to avoid getting infected with pathogens.

A review of Johnson & Johnson’s COVID-19 adenovirus vector vaccine.

The verdict: The verdict (updated on August 24, 2021): Johnson & Johnson’s COVID-19 adenovirus vector vaccine was rather effective in phase-3 trials at preventing severe COVID-19. However, the real-life data show that the protection is short-lived, limited to 2 to 7 months after vaccination. The single-dose Johnson and Johnson vector vaccine creates the shortest period of protection. None of the intramuscular vaccines against COVID-19 limit transmission.
For the most vulnerable groups, in particular, people of advanced age who can not take other prevention, hygiene, prophylaxis, and early treatment measures, Astra-Zeneca-Oxford vector vaccine, two doses, may be a somewhat better option. Tens of thousands of people of advanced age vaccinated in Scotland apparently survived vaccination with Astra-Zeneca-Oxford. Adverse effects of Astra-Zeneca-Oxford vaccine are less pronounced than in younger groups. For younger people, and competent literate normal people of all ages, we do NOT recommend Astra-Zeneca-Oxford vaccine (as of August 2021).

Graphical Abstract. Adeel Afzal on molecular technologies and RT PCR for COVID-19.

Essentials of RT PCR and other molecular diagnostic for COVID-19. Infection spread by mass PCR-testing.

Adeel Afzal, an author associated with Cairo University and the University of Hafr Al Batin in Saudi Arabia, wrote a quality article on molecular diagnostic technologies for COVID-19. It was received by the journal on June 25 and published on August 2, 2020. There is a lot of informative data and figures on RT PCR. We publish here some of Adeel Afzal’s figures, tables, and a couple of our notes.
Also, we publish our hypothesis: People buy antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 in pharmacies, do not go to test centers, do not get infected there. The “Rapid spread” ends.

Professor Didier Raoult, head of the IHU hospital in Marseille, describes how SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted. And then inadvertently does what should not be done.

COVID-19. A “Certificate of Civil Protection Aptitude During Epidemics”: learn to avoid pathogens.

Learn to avoid epidemic-causing pathogens and infections in general.
As an introduction, there is a mini-course on COVID-19 epidemiology and anthropology.

COVID-19 update: no herd immunity for the “dumb”, masks do NOT work, “virus denial” does not work.

For the control of the outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2, masks do NOT work. For personal protection, masks should work. Wear a mask in a setting where someone can cough at you, for example, in public transport.
as of November 28, 2020, South Dakota had 116 new daily infections per 100 thousands of the population (see the table above). This shows that virus denial does not work. You need to defy criminal bureaucrats, but you also need to protect yourself from getting infected.

R-effective of SARS-CoV-2 is "infinity": in many households, if one person gets infected, all the others household members will be infected as well. - The New Neander's Medical.

R-effective of SARS-CoV-2 is “infinite”: in many households, if one person gets infected, all the other household members will be infected as well.

The basic reproduction rate (R0) and the effective reproduction rate (R-effective) are another two concepts that are seriously flawed.
Many are incapable to understand and to respect hygiene and other prevention measures.
Top-down measures can hardly control the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, but literacy of population can.

Nose warming.

This post is a piece of food for thought, mainly in the form of images. This post should stimulate your thinking. This post is also a test of Pattern recognition.

Fig. 2 Effect of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin association on SARS-CoV 2 replication. 2A. Delta Ct between 0 and 60 h post infection. Ordered axis represents the variation of delta cycle-thresholds obtained by RT-PCR between H0 and H60 for each condition. Each point represents data obtained for one well. Number of replicates was indicated for each conditions are A10H5 n = 16, A10H2 n = 5, A10H1 n = 5, A5H5 n = 15, A5H2 n = 5, A5H1 n = 3, A2H5 n = 3, A2H2 n = 3, A2H1 n = 3 and n = 13 for the positive control. Median and interquartile range were indicated for each condition. *** represent significant results under p < 0,0005. Others are not significant compared to the control. 2B. Percentage of inhibition as compared to control by the combinations of 5 μM of hydroxychloroquine associated with 5 or 10 μM for azithromycin. Data represent the mean ± SD, representing three independent experiments conducted at least in triplicate. Source: Andreani et al., 2020.

Combined hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin show synergistic effect on SARS-CoV-2 in monkey Vero E6 cells in vitro but may not be effective in human alveoli, pneumocytes and other cells.

The cell types in which hydroxychloroquine is apparently ineffective include epithelial cells lining the nose, trachea, and distal airways, including alveoli and type II pneumocytes. However, it is useful to know that hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have a synergistic effect in the cell types where SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication is dependent on endosomal pH.

Figure 3 | Anti-inflammation versus pro-resolution strategies. It is important to emphasize the difference between anti-inflammation (part a) and pro-resolution (part b). Source: Fullerton, 2016.

The difference between anti-inflammation and pro-resolution.

In several cases where chronic inflammation was suspected, we have been seeing positive results with a “pro-resolution” approach. “Pro-resolution” differs form “anti-inflammation”. In the article below, we share some of our notes and comments on the subject.

Figure 1 Temporal events and programming in resolution of acute inflammation: the function of lipid-derived mediators. ‘Triggers’ such as microbial invaders, tissue injury and surgical trauma activate the release and formation of arachidonate-derived prostaglandins, which regulate early events in the inflammatory response. Initial chemoattractants recruit polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells that move by diapedesis from post-capillary venules, an event that is amplified by production of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway product leukotriene B4(LTB 4 ), a potent chemoattractant. During the progression of inflammatory events, plateletleukocyte interactions elicit the formation of lipoxins A 4and B 4 , which serve as ‘stop signals’ by blocking the further recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells from the post-capillary venules. This strategic location limits the number of neutrophils required for combating microbes and/or cleaning up tissue debris. At contained sites of inflammation, as exudates form and pustules are walled off, prostaglandins initiate many responses relevant in inflammatory events, but most notably they signal the end by activating the transcriptional regulation of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) in neutrophils, which in turn leads to the temporal dissociation and production of lipoxins from arachidonic acid, which have ‘pro-resolving’ and anti-inflammatory functions. Thisis referred to as class switching of the arachidonic acid–derived eicosanoids from prostaglandins and leukotrienes to lipoxins that initiate the termination sequence. This stop in further neutrophil entry into the exudate is also temporally associated with a switch of the families of lipid mediators generated from eicosanoids to resolvins of the E and D series as well as protectins (Fig. 2). Clock dials indicate set points for individual neutrophils as new neutrophils ‘parachute’ into exudates. COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; LT, leukotriene; LX, lipoxin. Source: Serhan and Savill, 2005.

COX-2 and the natural signaling pathways in resolution of acute lung injury.

A strategy in treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that consists in emphasizing natural inflammation resolution signaling pathways.