Last update and review: August 19, 2021.
A short summary.
Tan et al., 2021 (1), showed that serum of patients who survived SARS-CoV-1 infection 17 years ago, and were vaccinated with mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, inhibited by 100% all variants of SARS-CoV-2 and many bat CoVs. The authors and some who comment on the paper believe that this result gives hope for a “pan-sarbecovirus vaccine”. That is, a vaccine that should protect against variants and emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) that can infect humans.
The paper by Tan et al., 2021 (1), is of interest. We learn several factoids about our immune system and its handling of CoVs. However, COVID-19 vaccines so far have been a fiasco. There is a useless “efficacy” in phase-3 trials, that is, protection against hospitalization, but this “efficacy” does not translate in protection in real-life. Mortality in vaccinated remains the same. Severe cases remain the same. Transmission of SRAS-CoV-2 is not slowed.
The “phase-3 trial efficacy” comes at a price: violent adverse reactions, injections of viral mRNA that accumulates in testes, ovaries and many other organs, injections of spike-protein that alone can infect cells and cause long-term inflammatory and autoimmune reaction.
A literate person should avoid all respiratory infections throughout his or her lifetime.
We will continue to watch the vaccine space. But again, COVID-19 vaccines turn out to be ineffective and dangerous. Other protection measures needs to be taken. Immediate prophylaxis and post-exposure treatment are indispensable. A literate person should avoid all respiratory infections throughout his or her lifetime.
A side note: consider getting a “Certificate of Civil Protection Aptitude During Epidemics”: learn to avoid pathogens. Details at the link below:
COVID-19. A “Certificate of Civil Protection Aptitude During Epidemics”: learn to avoid pathogens.
Tan et al., 2021 (1): Serum of patients who survived SARS-CoV-1 infection 17 years ago, and were vaccinated with mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, inhibited by 100% all variants of SARS-CoV-2 and many bat CoVs.
Tan et al., 2021 (1):
” SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 belong to the species SARS-related coronavirus (subgenus sarbecovirus, genus betacoronavirus). 3 Antigenically, the two coronaviruses are placed in two distinct phylogenetic clades; convalescent serum specimens from patients with SARS or Covid-19 lack cross-neutralization.”
“The majority of survivors of SARS-CoV-1 infection continuing to have detectable neutralizing antibodies against the homologous SARS-CoV-1 virus 17 years after infection”. Analysis: Detectable antibodies in serum is not the same as neutralizing serum.”
Five specimens of serum.
Tan et al., 2021 (1):
“Five serum panels were included in this study. The SARS-CoV-1–patient panel consisted of serum specimens obtained from 10 SARS-CoV-1 infection survivors in Singapore at different time points (2012 and 2020) before the vaccination program started in January 2021. The SARS-CoV-2–patient panel consisted of 10 serum specimens obtained from patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection during 2020 as part of a national longitudinal study. The healthy– vaccinated panel consisted of 10 serum specimens obtained at day 14 after the second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, which is equivalent to 35 days after the first dose. The SARS-CoV-2– vaccinated panel consisted of 10 serum specimens obtained from Covid-19 survivors who had received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. The SARS-CoV-1–vaccinated panel consisted of 8 serum specimens obtained from SARS-CoV-1 infection survivors 21 to 62 days after the first BNT162b2 vaccination; 4 of the 8 specimens were obtained from patients whose serum was in the SARS-CoV-1–patient panel.”
Serum of SARS-CoV-1 survivors inhibited SARS-CoV-1 by almost 100% 17 years after the initial infection. Too good to be true?
Serum of SARS-CoV-1 survivors inhibited SARS-CoV-1 by almost 100% 17 years after the initial infection. Too good to be true? Analysis: It must be true. But is it relevant? Maeda et al., 2021, and others, that found the neutralizing activity of serum of mRNA-vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 becomes undetectable in 6 months.
A potent inhibition: Serum of patients who survived SARS-CoV-1 infection 17 years ago, and were vaccinated with mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, inhibited by 100% all variants of SARS-CoV-2 and many bat CoVs.
Serum of patients who survived SARS-CoV-1 infection 17 years ago, and were vaccinated with mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, inhibited by 100% all variants of SARS-CoV-2 and many bat CoVs. This is a potent inhibition.
Tan et al., 2021 (1):
“Boosting of Cross-Clade Pan-Sarbecovirus Neutralizing Antibodies. Panel A shows the multiplex surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) analysis of five panels of human serum specimens against 10 different sarbecoviruses. All serum was used at a dilution of 1:20. A cutoff of 30% was set as previously determined. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was used as the reference for comparison. The serum panels were as follows: SARS-CoV-1–patient, serum specimens from survivors of SARS-CoV-1 infection; SARS-CoV-2–patient, serum specimens obtained during 2020 from patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection; healthy–vaccinated, serum specimens obtained from healthy persons at day 14 after the second dose of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine; SARS-CoV-2– vaccinated, serum specimens obtained from Covid-19 survivors who had received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine; and SARS-CoV-1–vaccinated, serum specimens obtained from SARS-CoV-1 infection survivors 21 to 62 days after the first dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Panel B shows titration of neutralizing antibodies expressed as the 50% neutralization titer (NT 50) with the use of the same serum panels and viruses as in Panel A. Specimens were tested at dilutions from 1:20 to 1:20,480 by means of serial titration. The SARS-CoV-1–vaccinated panel was used as the reference group. A cutoff of 1:100 is indicated by the dashed line. Panel C shows representative flow cytometry plots for the SARS-CoV-1–vaccinated panel (5 specimens), the healthy–vaccinated panel (6 specimens), and the SARS-CoV-2–vaccinated panel (5 specimens), indicating the frequency of cells positive for both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Panel D shows a plot of the frequency of cells positive for both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 among all SARS-CoV-1– positive or SARS-CoV-2–positive cells. The SARSCoV-1–vaccinated panel was used as the reference group. Box plots (Panels A, B, and D) show all data points; the whiskers indicate the range, the top and bottom of each box the 75th and 25th percentiles, and the horizontal line inside each box the 50th percentile. Significance was determined with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. P values are indicated above each plot. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Viruses from the SARSCoV-1 clade are shaded in gray in Panels A and B.”
Apparently, only two of the eight participants had such potent inhibition of all three sarbecoviruses tested by Tan et al., 2021 (1). This is “75% protection”.
“Such a high level of pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody boosting may be achievable with a singledose cross-clade boosting vaccination, as indicated with the serum from two of the eight participants in our study. The newly developed multiplex sVNT used in this study can play a pivotal role in studies that require accurate side-by-side comparison of neutralizing antibody levels against different viruses. This is especially important when not all live viruses are available, as is the case for bat coronavirus RaTG13, 1 bat coronaviruses WIV1 and RsSHC014, 13 and pangolin coronaviruses GD-1 and GX-P5L. 12 Although we are aware that neutralizing antibodies targeting non-RBD regions do exist, 24 multiple studies have shown that for sarbecoviruses, the majority of neutralizing antibodies target the immunodominant RBD. 4,25 Previous studies have indicated that the RBD-based sVNT has a high concordance with live virus–based neutralization tests. 5,8 We have provided further data on the concordance between the sVNT and a pseudotyped virus neutralization test for three selected sarbecoviruses.”
“The (present) data in humans were obtained from SARS-CoV-1 infection survivors immunized with a SARS-CoV-2 S-based mRNA vaccine. Further investigation is needed to address whether serial administration of vaccines based on two distantly related S or RBD proteins in the reverse order — that is, priming from the SARS-CoV-2 clade followed by boosting from the SARS-CoV-1 clade — will produce a similar level of pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing antibodies. If successful, this will lay a strong foundation for the development of a third-generation Covid-19 vaccine for controlling current and emerging variants of concern, as well as for preventing future sarbecovirus pandemics.”
Conclusions.
The paper by Tan et al., 2021 (1), is of interest. We learn several factoids about our immune system and its handling of CoVs. However, COVID-19 vaccines so far have been a fiasco. There is a useless “efficacy” in phase-3 trials, that is, protection against hospitalization, but this “efficacy” does not translate in protection in real-life. Mortality in vaccinated remains the same. Severe cases remain the same. Transmission of SRAS-CoV-2 is not slowed.
The “phase-3 trial efficacy” comes at a price: violent adverse reactions, injections of viral mRNA that accumulates in testes, ovaries and many other organs, injections of spike-protein that alone can infect cells and cause long-term inflammatory and autoimmune reaction.
A literate person should avoid all respiratory infections throughout his or her lifetime.
We will continue to watch the vaccine space. But again, COVID-19 vaccines turn out to be ineffective and dangerous. Other protection measures needs to be taken. Immediate prophylaxis and post-exposure treatment are indispensable. A literate person should avoid all respiratory infections throughout his or her lifetime.
A side note: consider getting a COVID-19. A “Certificate of Civil Protection Aptitude During Epidemics”: learn to avoid pathogens. Details at the link below:
COVID-19. A “Certificate of Civil Protection Aptitude During Epidemics”: learn to avoid pathogens.
Selected references:
1. Tan CW, Chia WN, Young BE, Zhu F, Lim BL, Sia WR, Thein TL, Chen MI, Leo YS, Lye DC, Wang LF. Pan-Sarbecovirus Neutralizing Antibodies in BNT162b2-Immunized SARS-CoV-1 Survivors. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 18. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2108453. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34407341.
