The cell types in which hydroxychloroquine is apparently ineffective include epithelial cells lining the nose, trachea, and distal airways, including alveoli and type II pneumocytes. However, it is useful to know that hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have a synergistic effect in the cell types where SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication is dependent on endosomal pH.
Tag: ACE2
ACE2 expression in organs and systems most frequently affected in COVID-19.
The gastrointestinal tract, kidneys and testis have the highest ACE2 expressions.
SARS-CoV utilizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to infect host cells. What is ACE2?
SARS-CoV-2 can infect cells that prominently express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a plasma membrane-bound ectoenzyme. Below, we share our notes on what angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is and on its role in human physiology.
There is an antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-1 infection. Notably, some vaccines enhance infection.
Some vaccines against animal coronaviruses have been successfully generated, but their development has proven very difficult due to immune enhancement of disease in vaccinated recipients (28, 53, 65).